![1105ph036](https://chiculture.org.hk/sites/mainsite/files/styles/free_style_image_styles/public/2019-09/1105ph036.jpg?itok=SVb615z7)
Chinese Scholarly Academies
Shuyuan, or scholarly academies first appeared during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–756) of the Tang dynasty (618–907). Academies originated in the libraries of private scholars and local government offices engaged in the sorting of ancient books and records; their emergence is tied to the rise of printing and the increased circulation of books.
![1105ph030](https://chiculture.org.hk/sites/mainsite/files/styles/free_style_image_styles/public/2019-09/1105ph030.jpg?itok=Svc65rVt)
古代書院的藏書功能
書院是讀書人圍繞着書開展活動的公共場所,藏書則是書院一種永恒的事業追求。唐代,無論官府還是民間書院都已經比較注意藏書活動,而且假藉前此千餘年官府藏書事業的經驗,開始了初步的制度化建設。
![1105ph022](https://chiculture.org.hk/sites/mainsite/files/styles/free_style_image_styles/public/2019-09/1105ph022.jpg?itok=JzZC9Jak)
古時書院如何運作?
書院教育作為一種獨特的學校制度,在宋代就形成了講學、藏書、祭祀、學田四大基本規制。北宋咸平二年(公元999年),潭州知州李允則在嶽麓書院「中開講堂,揭以書樓」,祭祀先師十哲七十二賢,「請辟水田」,「奏頒文疏」的活動,可以看作是書院規制基本形成的標誌。
![1105ph010](https://chiculture.org.hk/sites/mainsite/files/styles/free_style_image_styles/public/2019-09/1105ph010.jpg?itok=p6ciPsTA)
明清兩朝的書院發展
明代在書院發展上承前啟後,地位十分重要。雖然前期有過將近百年的沉寂,但在王守仁和湛若水(小知識)的學說重新結合後,書院得到突飛猛進的發展,數量增加,總數約二千,其中新創建的就有1699所。