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Economic & Technological Achievements

古人有哪些農學理論？

0810ph013

Equipped with diligence and sagacity, Chinese farmers invented many of the more advanced farming implements and accumulated a wealth of farming techniques and knowledge. Knowledgeable people, compiled the first agricultural books based on their knowledge and experience.

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202106phn039_01 — The Field System, and the Tax and Corvée System in Ancient China

Taxes have been the main source of government revenue since ancient times. In the tax and corvée system of ancient China, Fu (賦, later called Hufu, 戶賦) was imposed on fields or households in the form of textiles, currency, or horses to meet the military expenditure.

Field, Tax and Corvée System in Ancient China

Equal-field System

Taxation

0811ph001 — What is mechanical engineering in ancient China?

簡單機械是一切複雜而重大機械的基本要素。任何複雜的機械都是由幾種簡單機械組成。從力學意義上說，簡單機械有四種：槓桿、滑輪、斜面與螺旋。

Mechanical Engineering in Ancient China

0801ph013 — How was Clock Invented in China?

中國的諺語說：「工欲善其事，必先利其器」，就是說一個做工的人要想把工作做得又快又好，必先讓他使用的工具變得鋒利。

天文與曆法

0809ph009 — “Medicine Guru” vs “Master of Medicine”

中國醫學之外科手術在近代由於客觀環境與自身原因而逐漸落後，但三國時代之華佗（？-208），安徽亳縣人，在前人基礎上曾創造了輝煌成就。

Medicine in Ancient China

0907phn002_a — Sericulture and Silks

The history of Chinese sericulture and silk production is at least 5,000 years old. Sericulture’s origins can be traced to the Neolithic period from which some silk textiles unearthed in Henan and Zhejiang provinces can be dated.

Sericulture and Silks

0802ph033 — The Compass and Ancient Sailing

The “south-pointing needle” is a magnetic pointing device. When combined with directional markings, it forms a compass. The invention of the compass had a decisive effect on the development of human civilization.

The Compass and Ancient Sailing

0801ph036 — Astronomy and Calendar in Ancient China

Astronomy is almost as old as the history of human kind. When primitive men were using simple tools to hunt and fish for food, they observed the position of the sun to decide when they would set forth and how far they should go.

Astronomy and Calendar in Ancient China

0814ph045 — Gunpowder and Firearms in Ancient China

Gunpowder is one of the Four Great Inventions of pre-modern China. It was made with a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, which was crushed into powder. Weapon smith-technicians of the early Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) exploited its blasting effect and produced the world’s earliest firearms.

Gunpowder and Firearms in Ancient China

0815ph034 — Papermaking

To make paper you start with plant fiber. This raw material is then treated in a series of processes that include refining, mechanical dispersion, slurrying, shaping, and dehydration. Many people think that paper appeared in the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220), but according to ancient documents and excavated artifacts, the world’s first paper—Fangmatan paper—appeared in the early Western Han (206 BCE–24 CE).

Paper making

30072ph020 — Traditional Hui Inkstick Craftsmanship

Inksticks are one of the “four treasures of the scholar’s studio,” and the ones crafted in Huizhou are considered unique treasures among traditional Chinese inksticks. The invention of the inkstick is a great contribution to the Chinese culture or even the world civilization.

Traditional Hui Inkstick Craftsmanship

30052ph025 — Traditional Techniques of Making Writing-Brush

The writing brush has a long history—traces of its use have found on painted pottery from as long ago as the Neolithic. Before the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), the writing brush (bi) went by various names.

Traditional Techniques of Making Writing-Brush

30032ph029 — Traditional Techniques of Making Xuan Paper

The Xuan paper is just one member of the large family of Chinese handmade papers. It was named after Xuanzhou, in modern Anhui province, where it was first produced. As early as the Tang dynasty (618–907) the paper of Xuanzhou was sent as tribute to the imperial court.

Traditional Techniques of Making Xuan Paper

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