Topic

Chinese Architectural Craftsmanship of Timber-Framed Structures

30016ph027
30016ph027

Traditional Chinese architectural craftsmanship refers to the technical systems used to make timber-framed structures. In other words, the primary building material is timber secured either by mortise and tenon joints or large wooden pegs. The architectural and technical systems are modular based methods using traditional hand tools to assemble and build various components of a building. In 2009, traditional Chinese architectural craftsmanship was inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 

 

Timber-framed construction in China consists of a complete set of systems. There are two types of frame structures: column-and-beam frames (lit. lifting beams) as well as column-and-tie frames. The distinguishing features of the column-and-beam structure include: the columns are erected on stone bases along the length and depth of a building. Beams, or lintels, are placed on top of the columns. The same procedure is repeated on short columns and beams until a timber frame is formed. A lintel is then placed horizontally between two columns. Several purlins are placed on the “beam heads”—the outer ends of the beams—as well as on the short columns on each floor, which form a straight angle with the frame. Purlins provide the function of connecting the structural frames and bearing the weight of the roof. The column-and-tie structure is distinguished by setting up a row of columns along the depth of a building with equal distance between every two columns and purlins. Purlins rest directly on the columns. The weight of the roof is directly transmitted from purlins to columns, no beams are used. The columns of each row are connected through several lintels, and a structural frame is completed.

 

Most of the components of timber-framed structures are connected by mortise-and-tenon joints. Whether a magnificent palace or a multi-storied building, each consists of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of large and small components put together seamlessly by using mortise-and-tenon joints.

 

One of the main features of classical construction is the unified numerical and proportional relationship to every structural part and component; in other words, this has to do with the proportion of modules. In terms of ancient Chinese architecture, whether a group of buildings or a single building, the proportions of the layout and the facade strive for an inner harmony.

 

The standard size for an individual timber-framed structure is limited by the structure itself, however, through amplifying the gardens and creating courtyards, massive architecture groups could be achieved that effectively adapt to the functional needs of every aspect of social life in China.

 

Viewed from a narrow sense, architectural craftsmanship specifically refers to the techniques of constructing a traditional Chinese building; from a broad sense, however, traditional architectural craftsmanship not only refers to traditional construction techniques, workmanship, and skill, it also includes the making and use of tools as well as the flow of work. The extended meaning of such craftsmanship can even cover areas of related knowledge and cultural practices. The former may include planning, design, site selection, and project management. 

 

China has a long history, vast land, and numerous ethnic groups. House-building, adaptation to local environments and customs, unique craftsmanship and architectural styles were formed over a long period of time. For example, local environments have resulted in each of the following unique structures: in the north, there are cave and cellar dwellings; and, in the south, there are stilt-houses and elevated buildings. Watchtowers are typical of the Tibetan and Qiang ethnic groups, while drum towers are found among the Dong populace; the Han prefer their private homes to be courtyard-style; and the Hakka prefer earthen buildings and circular houses.   

 

Although the type of architecture and style of some areas, such as the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River, are quite similar on account of shared history, local aesthetic tastes, and the common practices of artisans are different, and different schools of craftsmanship have formed. In addition, different schools of artistry and practice formed because of the relationship between physical and cultural geography. For example, the craftsmanship of northern Jiangxi, central Jiangxi, and southern Jiangxi each has its own distinctive styles and characteristics.   

 

Traditional craftsmanship is passed down from masters to apprentices with mnemonic formulas. Quite often a son inherits his father’s profession, which is handed down through the generations. Because of changing lifestyles and the introduction of Western building methods since the twentieth century, the traditional Chinese craftsmanship of timber-framed construction has been impacted. The number of craftsmen engaged in this industry has gone down drastically. Some of the traditional techniques have vanished or are on the verge of extinction. Protecting this intangible cultural heritage is a matter that admits no delay.

Author:
Last updated:
2019-10-28